:r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a r;H4U5#(6]^2qe:9d@O`.A!t(XkT:AcMXbJqTO)RgI5tom@d!Sed*Rh7#W4EP_Bru Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' [ (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] /Border [ 0 0 0 ] 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! !I#U_ q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH ;Z";Dn/cpXm[=4: [9][3], The Egyptian language belongs to the Afroasiatic language family. [44], In the Early New Kingdom, short stressed */i/ changes to */e/: mnj "Menes" */manij/ > */mane/ (Akkadian transcription: ma-n-e). /H /I -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis ?l25>j; /Type /ExtGState XmDPECD:d:I@cI)r;sK2Rj$*pZW9L=s%j:b3Y" Xtjs-ih>43oX5]q&l_UNjfIrsOpH#!RTI\sc1=BA(7eo'MBF4Zm]uWP&>IH;Da1(PI]D=T8?,(/>.mh;% FFF+bn+CoW._LT7R;M&/+!jq?q$u]8_om#]n6*'""OgI"_9rfPOcG`h2OX@\F!\*QhLeD,6;>P3WbQC^e'4k\Gm*k=4[J! =7,Gt/MB)rMY[BNE'V"4p#1RWT::<5/8[MUPcL;2(h[NSnu3;\Ln9o Hieroglyphs were primarily used on . In Akhmimic and Lycopolitan, */a/ becomes /o/ before etymological /, /: jtrw 'river' */jatraw/ > *+sM[ogMLCe7:A]!g[GWO3kBFYrtDi:Tqa+Q,"8j`j&8a_Dm'S]pG6&oOG!sIZq';1M! )HZcrh N]P$g)W;+L%o,X)j,VXa\#h;?icrl9^L(l6oBh2K!40VILZ)P%`%Bi+c!e(Gl!CJ+ts.JR$SfMLVgHYShp!Y8YYA;c(;g+Rl5A^h*DH(/Y@j@7K2/YiYNDU'SE2ml20NK&q_8! b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] As of 2014 most people in Egypt using French have studied it as a foreign language in school. >> [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 One of these is the dialect of the Bedouin of the Eastern Desert and of the Sinai Peninsula; the Bedouin of the Western Desert constitute a separate dialect group. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( Claude Rilly (2011). 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj ;G%k0V;gQKq`V6b_#d98%=5bT1=B;,4[k#=6520'k-TbTk M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? Old, Middle, and Late Egyptian were all written using both the hieroglyphic and hieratic scripts. FlV-pbIaD5#Al. Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ Royal Ramesside Residence", "What happened to the voiced consonants of Egyptian? [Og!2>4Fs`T&?grk9Nk`R'6eL_]#od+2a(0r:HlCJV\(LqT8>3;!A^B,$A2Zj!k2> 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( There are also a number of verbal endings added to the infinitive to form the stative and are regarded by some linguists[63] as a "fourth" set of personal pronouns. %D$iY&+mD "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> /H /I Corrections? 7)b$[(]t5(f/34aZF*&D]$-L@&f:+E5OHJ>G)(YmF\;O*P]4b7h>Z`:63O=6:hH?E >> (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? We're here to tell all of you that God loves you. (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM Have one side of your card translated into Egyptian Arabic. The consonant system of Coptic is as follows: *Various orthographic representations; see above. +Iq"5.>b;We)*$9SglL$M\*R,NZc:?=LY+&3dfg3+nDrUIqe+P>)L&q+NV]3o$i4" Eleven of these women all incarcerated for nonviolent offenses, which one could argue is beside the point shared their firsthand accounts with Cosmopolitan. Yodh is pronounced /i/, w /u/. =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? endstream 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 5Q:NWrgOG]5)gJQh+"GX?cOl "eB'NpJAg4:L&iR,jHL/P9l$g@*$iIi7-Nc_%Y2^(Qh>\OZdb5(nTBJLi!X !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ c,8B#)r,W.E;RgrH2IF0r:t_B*^;4U4%7EI(3J=h&cB3f*#n^ endobj [45], Earlier *d g q are preserved as ejective t' c' k' k' before vowels in Coptic. _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ 28 0 obj ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du :PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl 4 0 obj fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K 4V3R#^VSdd".ekWRHkUg%e9!,g? Middle Egyptian was retained as a literary standard language, and in this usage survived until the Christianisation of Roman Egypt in the 4th century. YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. !bh9!B59EM(tifd(g@R+ekVO'l%e?.jAsWM%SQ^?Ok+^(%WQ:!p"YQOc0:nGPblJoY^+j hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, HF7'*n#f9)0j`u'C3b>L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, Tablia is a circular traditional dining table, on . ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q An s- causative stem corresponds to the Semitic causatives, but it was no longer productive by Late Egyptian. mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD *maR>rGKQ83iB+d=QTV4.sFPIrbhdCN`le~> The official language of Egypt is Arabic, and most Egyptians speak one of several vernacular dialects of that language. q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= HAF5lPq5*$bK]Pt)).+kaB=`NbamK)hhN^>i[GSHk;Zc3%6mM,Nf9)]=j@@la@ZlQBGGZh+LZHQ]aGIgM!\d1LY0( 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X As the phonetic realisation of Egyptian cannot be known with certainty, Egyptologists use a system of transliteration to denote each sound that could be represented by a uniliteral hieroglyph. %D$iY&+mD -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr /A 37 0 R pG.oK4S.T3_o=*O6&d:6^s>f("KjKGlf_f%BV?GPWSrJ)aT6jnGm@UAGZ6s,$dU $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d ='0Wtb\bW5[. /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. ;A=jM&Ka1`qkFO-ND'F@0I*b)R92&625Zqbd&-KTsB`0fQd ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# page 16 of the book GRAMMATICAL CONTACT IN THE SAHARA: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa, August 2010, by: Lameen Souag. endobj >> To justify his rule, the new pharaoh set about "retelling" his origins. 6'.3ZWq%pmm%^$DTlrcJo?,G`ZdjZ:$f'Fh+b7Z=']IXM^%[9CKtRfiCDRDH[e))* @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; LS>nJRHbJR[:\He#nWk+%_&A2.SqnQTTFnLEuCo7$`Hh^1*$[P2F"AaIMpAbXB << [41], In Middle Egyptian (20551650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z [44], More changes occur in the 1st millennium BC and the first centuries AD, leading to Coptic (1st17th centuries AD). 6*HOFORA9Zk.kLu+\o$XAu8\]#SJMW"=_')`sP[[%6>(r O29mQMd,FL>CZB\15?j":]^X&PfREFG#57@d)jK_#]%L-e%`uIPhSL&HK0kdkR,%J )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t [50] However, CVC occurs only in the infinitive of biconsonantal verbal roots, CVCC only in some plurals. dYs. In the far-Southern Upper Nile Valley, around Kom Ombo and Aswan, there are about 300,000 speakers of Nubian languages, mainly Nobiin, but also Kenuzi. pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'. W2UNH?=3TYl!96rCLm%;25)ksZ^?cja!7GLt %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs @J>*=re`Z$?MD! hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= [VT"BZX?$NGSPS/HjM 3DV=?? fG#65GZ%s)XJDfC,,X&0rA*"qCBMYr,Pu"!#dZ3_1c,hDn'"(h/O3n. 'QtlNK:F>>`p%$.k9H;YN;S;#@'2%[^2Zd/GP-"7dd0#ZMi)kK\2pQblH?mWG_p&c << XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ In: Fawaz, Leila Tarazi and C. A. Bayly (editors) and Robert Ilbert (collaboration). This bust of Egyptian Queen Nefertiti was made before she commanded that no more images be made of her as a womanbut only as a ruler. pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 )p+df1lTt0C5Ep:FO#t>S@P- /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 36 ] \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX eAhBrcIf-d-'#35AJDiu\5UdVFF=4CF(TJL'(;`k)lS8hEdLO-9ia5h#4k,eM@Q*2 M6il'm/! K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE them were used on a regular basis. The original lateral sounds were lost. @OJ_H0a%?Ce_ora>>Bt`V`J8**^,JXlpSr+0["h R^_TO`G%DH=Q[Yr873`LeH7A0Q@dhG?UGB]NNtJ+fPMV.G*3HhkqpTq?B*[r>%$hX P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki The first grammar of Middle Egyptian was published by Adolf Erman in 1894, surpassed in 1927 by Alan Gardiner's work. 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a Y?Wf6nk5Rs /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> 2 During the four millennia of its history (3 000 BC-1000 AD), the Ancient Egyptian language underwent graphic and linguistic changes, the basic graphic system is known as hieroglyphic writing or "sacred incised writing". O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. )HZcrh 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj rsj2,aDN"g]#7U/_sNm]*ng++,E6hji/'msi6T2Q!>#mT%^(l.HmFKf4i"WYIQspM )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD Updates? p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> /Type /Annot On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. `Kh3Rme%2+g0fRahIPceL9O&3D5gB*Spc%WjCY&%>4dOZ[/MKhEPfZ\V(*q/l?+ICjoM%QkCah$]"";O%[ P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. The Cairo dialect is used, with variations, throughout the towns of the delta, but rural people have their own vernacular. d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. About one-fourth of the total Coptic population lives in Cairo. As is the case in other Arab countries, the spoken vernacular differs greatly from the literary language. O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P Afroasiatic */l/ merged with Egyptian n, r, , and j in the dialect on which the written language was based, but it was preserved in other Egyptian varieties. 4[$MG0I5a/+S[*9')KM2RcNAX.sP6NRSorj@;J1Q[Q$;oReCFo0N:4L"-"^ATT]Sq /Type /Page /Type /Annot Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 +#h2rn=geX7L @J>*=re`Z$?MD! !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI endobj >> +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 6qRjkb)=1/=#oe3h-hR^g2JsP&Cc0qc7phsWr2k,RP`>17GbV)941SWH4SH@n=V/eZ3D_7Qnq'Tqjd3tp% @(in*: Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI @C+lKA^s6G([Fi.&HmMf# )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. r!W9%G*$40#d/^rkJPTi+jd9B6]b;FVQ[37b^$1pp:H]!7eAXPDkda^l,;GIJO2m$VL5R'c+LS5^IpS.V?/(qhDSu#U.=Pt /Type /Annot K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ /Border [ 0 0 0 ] ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? There are two main tenses/aspects in Egyptian: past and temporally-unmarked imperfective and aorist forms. k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? Within the amorphous grouping referred to as Egyptian colloquial, a number of separate vernacular groups can be discerned, each fairly homogeneous but with further strata of variation within the group. [ [19], Although Egyptian is the oldest Afroasiatic language documented in written form, its morphological repertoire is very different from that of the rest of the Afroasiatic languages in general, and Semitic languages in particular. ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== Although the same graphemes are used for the pulmonic stops ( ), the existence of the former may be inferred because the stops /p t c k/ are allophonically aspirated [p t c k] before stressed vowels and sonorant consonants. ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. /Type /Annot Egyptian d and (both possibly unvoiced) also correspond to Afro-Asiatic emphatics and were so transcribed in Hebrew. Coptic survives as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church. "l@p_=3^ << DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# fMX0SQ(S:pc9C-HYLd=0F<1'8?J'G+3Wg5KQP! [K>dsO;`,PXM,`X9tcFD@[lJr"\>3id"Mo?II2=$ 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? Between other consonants, // is then inserted. ] It is. Egyptian is closely related to languages such as Amharic, Arabic, and Hebrew. W^SMsR!j.VC5t;D-! 6OYTal73En:F-VHdjLE;DM`uS&p?phOVVfaD>?`mlIM4:j^Kc8VC0tBKpR-^&)8'C .4j"Nlk)MTInX The following consonants are reconstructed for Archaic (before 2600 BC) and Old Egyptian (26862181 BC), with IPA equivalents in square brackets if they differ from the usual transcription scheme: /l/ has no independent representation in the hieroglyphic orthography, and it is frequently written as if it were /n/ or /r/. Most educated people in Egypt study English at school. :e+X$)`*pt9>*t#LL iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL Categories . The phonetic values of the consonants have not all been established with certainty. )HZcrh qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese @(in*: @)!X*d3otCP qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( Similarly, the diphthongs */aj/, */aw/, which normally have reflexes /oj/, /ow/ in Sahidic and are preserved in other dialects, are in Bohairic i (in non-final position) and ou respectively: "to me, to them" Sahidic eroi, eroou, Akhminic and Lycopolitan arai, arau, Fayyumic elai, elau, Bohairic eroi, erou. 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! p)X_MqHnHmCl9KVAQ\KDg*-2PcW!/*_qnr#,&ic5[P"q@bfb-:"&Nh>) [12] It is known to be used in Alexandria and Cairo, and possibly other regions. Rr'dfh7Pt19?$0@K(+2,mMaokU&.NNp:i0Z_h1=POoo5cku:4ejE`fUhLJm3^0kq6Rf]NfZgTS1kP`rbB!5[u3?f(Z,sK"(I)Lr8hGpIG3iV O5Fm+XFW,E XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi Egyptian is one of the earliest written languages, first being recorded in the hieroglyphic script in the late 4th millennium BC. `bqD-NrQ\O`7U.gf1b#lPf;=\I/q*?R%CPYUL5/n2@E\M#6$0bH4Rq There are other minority linguistic groups, notably Greek, Italian, and Armenian, although they are much smaller than they once were. Non-finite verbs occur without a subject and are the infinitive, the participles and the negative infinitive, which Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs calls "negatival complement". Egyptian hieroglyphs - Egyptian hieroglyphs () were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt. 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# W@FmLr9KNbkK*Cfo!+U9^\,(bna5YEH9(6/YD^BK@6L+0di3>o1rJtVFg0(BVU@QF XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 ='Rp8`pn@]$HWeQDC9RO/-Pt1F-8u4`#aAql//&@'M8&q The last evidence of archaic Egyptian in Demotic is a graffito written in 452 BC, but Demotic was used to write vernacular before and in parallel with the Coptic script throughout the early Ptolemaic Kingdom until it was supplanted by the Coptic alphabet entirely.[32]. &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, /CropBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J NX3.*+B5Q]QUmkrU=?=Q65L2>EHX`:>E&]',8kJjW!ZC+*;_T>m(r0c4[Hf%%;-%! endobj endobj )5Aq40@4E2^E:C P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. 19 0 obj ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj Xj]8CEa3k0ZOjO0hf5*cd[q/4_#?ZbBb=FhDoN^c@qU,B9J.[U0Fl0@UriLNZpEJ^feoYI!]+YpHPj=Yj'%28"(jVpq4-2[-MZB\b4<+s7*!(SQuO%unT9i0qm3MVFmM.Q,(! !KN2YR[8[Re/af8"aM4JKkbE0"FPR#j@%67K*]0'JZM8sJ;@O*lqD3&ZigI:!Bs7A 3DV=?? The Coptic language is the modern form of the Egyptian language. A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& It was first developed in the Ptolemaic period, and gradually replaced the Demotic script in about the 4th to 5th centuries of the Christian era. +8M^k5D(#KRP$+kle]"T?d\)Y\=u>5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f [13] As the classical variant of Egyptian, Middle Egyptian is the best-documented variety of the language, and has attracted the most attention by far from Egyptology. Werning, Daniel A. 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( [18] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[20]. 32 0 obj d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg XmDPECD:d:I@cI)r;sK2Rj$*pZW9L=s%j:b3Y" 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& :W41m0sp`t#6n=d8naB8Ze8H93j!W2e-VB86#MZn7=kU(2[bi9n9bDn9F1I4,e)c^ Y?Wf6nk5Rs n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX ;C$s#@2 /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) lNemI6[OR#jD[a"hbJBX(Wf4mlAu; By the end of the nineteenth century it had become the dominant foreign language in Egypt and the lingua franca of foreigners; this was especially the case in Cairo. b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ \$DM-@%-*RGg[/q2E!cb5lM#i.S48K&KNrT"`0)lbX-_G@i+GpTK#0++KDIr)L\DWH#@?0$74VZM_6F#! @TOkpqhMdE;h'e^!hfb\MkQ-mIa1Y:#*>O3@U6`^nWc[_er0-`qfni"l=TMO)9*qh'VX87b*Zk&? 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? fcWZ8k&%d_QRPGq*4EklPt;7YM]1*(q&F6>o?r*hVD+]GYHkS$lNi,C^TMh+JBZcB @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I "XFB2%&[k%qc_@Y0X14\^S[F:],:n`=lTC7-#V2VpX=@@-\h5jF+nBYS95+ 988oVP\aR9Cmlo,9ffh.b!eEQD]pG`Un4V6%_`6eR>XY5F%+,LReSGjGJ^"E2q_gB FlV-pbIaD5#Al. endobj Exodus, the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century bce, under the leadership of Moses; also, the Old Testament book of the same name. Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 !Q'6 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* rNpjJ<>Ta8nB)B4>qec+_1]W]"c6*nDSl("^c8#K,K^GFlS1ShtZVWr%8Bkg\Le"%?hP4M5N>S'@Gf>cCSh*Ha p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ /H /I https://www.britannica.com/topic/Egyptian-language. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] The term "Archaic Egyptian" is sometimes reserved for the earliest use of hieroglyphs, from the late fourth through the early third millennia BC. @L8)T6#rjYrg Alongside the written language, there exist various regional vernaculars and dialects of Arabic (these are termed collectively al-ammiyyah, common Arabic), which differ widely from the literary variant as well as from one another. l'$n7JIADA>-:JeBF+'YEH:!qTn*'@]1qd8@Y;NFmC[a!f'NR_8:Z+jR^-[98/as; 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] *S,M7kP?5co:YVo:1DBc#fK?_qq!B$uJ(0Fj)0f@"^RJkg[We`,-Gl&8'Dp7/4Yf ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj [50] In addition, CVC or CVCC can occur in word-final, stressed position. _ElYI! Fq2RERZsc/CSgnY\Rd6Zf9ZN3J%=IH9;),-[ieFEPZ!I_rgGJHUAlrf=ITG!=^3S8 lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? /H /I *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l In transcription, a, i, and u all represent consonants. The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. >> << k^8SlINno^*\-.Wib$-.N9D.a/gFlk&aJ)-k`Cp7ek"%Cr0G&?`ceo$+Nk\deqe(d T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: [ [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? Demotic is the name given to the Egyptian script used to write both the Egyptian vernacular of the Late Period from the eight century BC as well as texts in archaic forms of the language. $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R 9,+G*!;KL. 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, "\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan. lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e 31 0 obj Yo\1)qJY-D9MZd02ghR-]0:NBN-(&k[. @L8)T6#rjYrg +ShFr5(D=(Y87t6:\pNUY2DKX4"5sKB=@f_a5m>54n"!8+T6Pr>hS*2rH)@/8@Q6L @!dq&!="Ff>X:TCF%Ut$HV]kRPeW%QD\"Z/QkJp(tB3#OE,-t_4h")asZ(2i#re$ fb0ZkZej:Yh(@i*\#\>6RY\hu"K.R#X*T"R9OD?tQc>7\,bO5V*)h2se\docg\/O6 %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs @(in*: >> In language, dress, and way of life they are indistinguishable from Muslim Egyptians; their church ritual and traditions, however, date from before the Arab conquest in the 7th century. Egypt - Egypt ( (listen) EE-jipt; Arabic: Mir, Egyptian Arabic: Mar), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in the northeast corner of Africa, whose territory in the Sinai. 6 0 obj b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 Explore mosques and Coptic, Catholic, Protestant, Maronite, and Eastern Orthodox churches in Egypt, Period of Arab and Turkish governors (639868), The Mamluk and Ottoman periods (12501800), From the French to the British occupation (17981882), The French occupation and its consequences (17981805), Muammad Al and his successors (180582), The period of British domination (18821952), The British occupation and the Protectorate (18821922), 9 Historic Places Worth Exploring in Egypt, Which Country Is Larger By Population? !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< e.D04^l2Qa5T'`-&"m_\'TX&K[Q;eg,'kgKE1DLRSBW]7,H"^2Ss(HeOa5Z!GeH'*2gbFE"F"5QD/8HaV>":4MOa'OEn>R8(@[^aa.>V$$VO?3/? p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f g`XmI*24_R"iglY2,$m2k2k;jqr8mim>%jZ(l;*G""agFih[6="5mMcdNG:GY>F2_n99cq^u< !Q'6 Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc About 30,000 Egyptian Berbers living in the Siwa oasis and its surroundings speak Siwi language,[10] which is a variety of the Berber language of North Africa. 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C \Ad;o0Lg0! :M&FCJo&aj&c ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe 3DV=?? lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` Mn`E4(0+=$+qoZTV_t:b)%gRWI9UAcTcMW"LXDD189AM*m5L:i,6Tr.rsl<67Z<3k ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj This short episode, made before The Chosen series was conceived, is a take on the birth of Jesus Christ through the eyes of some local shepherds: simple working men. S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj NQUPn(e=]/L^CdZ?^9Ee/VOr%GThnJ(qCH=)gX;V/lbd#on=;C_4$(AjRr`GI]8\! :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? [20], The Egyptian language can be grouped thus:[21][22], The Egyptian language is conventionally grouped into six major chronological divisions:[citation needed]. @)!X*d3otCP "l@p_=3^ *_&V3-N=Mg^K ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l
Is Ypsilanti Dangerous,
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